Few people know that George Orwell, better known as the author of
the dystopian novel 1984, is one of the earlier founders of
postcolonial studies. Orwell’s best known contribution to the field is
Burmese Days, but his earliest contribution was
How a Nation Is Exploited – The British Empire in Burma.
Published in the French journal Le Progrès civique, Orwell describes
how the land, labour and resources of one country – that is, Burma –
are used to finance the industrial development of another – in this
case, Britain.
“”Care is taken to avoid technical and
industrial training [in Burma]. This rule, observed throughout India,
aims to stop India from becoming an industrial country capable of
competing with England.
The role of the colony, then, is under-development for the sake of
the coloniser’s development. This is the logic of colonialism.
One might think this is merely of historical interest. If only.
There is a newly industrialised country on our doorstep and it is using
a colony to finance its growth. Orwell would recognise the coloniser –
Indonesia – and the logic of colonialism in the West Papua region.
Indonesia annexed West Papua in the 1960s. Thus began and thus
continues the deadliest postcolonial struggle in Oceania. In the past
half century the Indonesian security forces have
killed as many as 500,000 West Papuans. Last year the Asian Human Rights Commission released
The Neglected Genocide,
a report on atrocities committed in 1977 and 1978. Survivors describe
how they escaped the killing fields while others recount their run-ins
with the torture squads. Violence wasn’t just something that happened
in West Papua, it was a form of government.
One would hope that, some 40 years later, things have improved. It
doesn’t seem so. According to the Free West Papua Movement a local
independence leader was shot dead on his motorcycle in June. The
UNPO reports
that local democracy activists have been beaten and arrested for
handing out leaflets encouraging West Papuans to boycott last week’s
presidential election. In the run up to the election the security
forces were
put on full alert.
But why does Indonesia cling to West Papua? The basis of Indonesia’s claim to sovereignty is the farcical
Act of Free Choice”in
1969. The act was a nominal referendum where a little over 1000 men –
less than 1% of the eligible voting population – agreed to transfer
sovereignty to Indonesia. The result was controlled – an act of forced
choice – with the military carefully selecting and coercing the
participants. The Indonesian government has exercised its claim to
sovereignty at the end of an assault rifle ever since.
But that claim is only a convenience. West Papuans are ethnically
Melanesian and geographically part of Oceania – Jakarta acknowledges
this much – but, importantly, the West Papua region is home to the
world’s largest goldmine, third largest copper mine and rich mineral
deposits. Freeport-McMoRan, the American company that operates the
Grasberg mine, is
Indonesia’s largest taxpayer.
The company has contributed more than $12 billion to Jakarta’s coffers
since 1991. Rather than relying on private security at the mine,
Freeport-McMoRan
pays the Indonesian security forces. Jakarta is happy to oblige.
Orwell would recognise the logic of colonialism here. West Papua has
largely missed the Indonesian industrial revolution, instead being
compelled to finance it. In many respects the West Papuan struggle is
the story of Indigenous peoples the world over: exploitation.
Former Australian prime minister Robert Menzies warned of as much in
the 1960s when he said that Indonesian control of West Papua would
merely substitute white colonialism for “brown colonialism”. We did not
listen then, will we listen now?
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