westpapua.net - With Kosovo unilaterally declaring
independence and a host of wannabe states looking to follow its lead,
you might be thinking it’s about time to set up your own country. You’ve
picked out a flag, written a national anthem, even printed up money
with your face on it. But what’s the next step? Creating a new country
isn’t as easy as you think.
Step 1: Make sure you are eligible
As tempting as it might be to declare your cubicle a sovereign state,
customary international law actually does specify minimum standards for
statehood.
You must have a defined territory.
You must have a permanent population.
You must have a government.
Your government must be capable of interacting with other states.
(This one is somewhat controversial. It was included as a qualification
in the 1933 Montevideo Convention,
which established the United States good neighbor policy of
nonintervention in Latin America, but is generally not recognized as
international law.)
Step 2: Declare independence
Congratulations on joining the ranks of Transnistria, Somaliland, and
a host of other countries that wont be marching at the Olympics anytime
soon. Just because youve met the qualifications and declared yourself
independent doesnt mean that youre going to be taken seriously. Even the
Principality of Sealandlocated on a 10,000-square-foot platform in the North Seahas tried with mixed success to claim sovereignty under these qualifications.
However, now that your state is established, there are certain
benefits you can expect, even if youre not recognized by anyone. Once an
entity has established itself as a de facto state, it will benefit from
territorial integrity and certain guarantees of sovereignty, says
Stefan Talmon, professor of public international law at Oxford
University and author of Recognition in International Law. For instance,
now that Kosovo is established as a state, Serbia can no longer freely
attack it to bring it back into Serbia. It benefits from the prohibition
of the use of force under the U.N. Charter. These rules were
established during the Cold War to protect new states that were not yet
recognized by one bloc or another.
Step 3: Get recognized
Theres not much point in having your own country unless other
countries acknowledge your existence. International recognition is what
gives a country legitimacy in the international community and what
ultimately distinguishes the New Zealands of the world from the
Nagorno-Karabakhs. Naturally, though, the established countries are
going to take some convincing. Recognition is quite complicated because
it combines international law and international politics, Talmon says.
Some people say that recognition is a purely political act. It is at the
discretion of existing states whether they recognize, so there is no
right to recognition.
This was especially true during the Cold War, when the national
legitimacy of North and South Vietnam, North and South Korea, and East
and West Germany depended on which side you asked. Even today, a number
of entities are recognized as states by some countries, but not by
others. Palestine, Taiwan, and Northern Cyprus fall into this category.
The United States has no official policy on what is required for
recognition, according to its State Department. Instead, the decision to
recognize a state is made by the president. Then the president decides
whether to establish diplomatic relations with the state based on U.S.
national interests. Theres no cookie-cutter approach, so when you ask
for recognition, be sure to explain how your independence will be good
for America. In the old days, proving your anti-communist cred was
usually good enough. Today, U.S. strategic priorities are a bit more
complex, though as Kosovo proves, ticking off the Russians still helps.
Step 4: Join the club
Since its founding in 1945, membership in the United Nations has
become the gold standard of international legitimacy. When you are
admitted to the U.N, thats a form of approval, Talmon says. Its like a
stamp [that says] you are now a full member of the international
community. Applying for U.N. membership is a breeze. According to U.N. rules,
all you need to do is write a letter to the secretary-general
requesting membership. These letters are remarkably short and simple.
For a handy template, check out the successful application of Montenegro, the United Nations most recent member.
You can mail your application to:
Ban Ki-moon
Secretary-General
The United Nations
First Ave. at 46th St.
New York, NY 10017
Now comes the hard part. The Security Council must refer you to the
General Assembly, which must determine by a two-thirds majority that you
are a peace-loving state that can carry out the duties of the U.N. Charter. Its probably not even worth trying this unless youve completed step
3. A number of unrecognized states have applied for U.N. recognition
over the years, including American-Indian tribes, but without the
credibility bestowed by bilateral recognition, these applications are
usually just filed away.
The biggest obstacle to U.N. membership is power politics. Neither
North nor South Korea got U.N. membership until 1991 because of vetoes
by one bloc or another during the Cold War. Even today, Russias veto on
the Security Council will probably prevent Kosovo from gaining a seat at
the table anytime soon. The Republic of China, a.k.a. Taiwan, was one
of the founding members of the United Nations and once had a permanent
seat on the Security Council. But Taiwan was booted out in favor of the
Peoples Republic of China in 1971, after U.S. President Richard Nixon
decided to cozy up to Beijing. The Taiwanese government has applied for
membership every year since 1993, but to no avail. The United Nations
didnt even bother to open Taiwans most recent letter.
As you can see, the point at which a territory officially becomes a
country is very much in the eyes of the beholder. International
recognition can be an elusive prize. The good news? The longer you wait,
the better your chances become. In international law, which is often
based on custom, the longer you can maintain your de facto sovereignty,
the more likely you are to be accepted. (Unless, of course, youre
Taiwan.)
The strength of Kosovos bid for independence from Serbia is based
largely on the fact that it has, for all intents and purposes, been
independent for almost a decade. In a more extreme example, the
900-year-old Sovereign Order of Malta has diplomatic relations with 100
countries and observer status at the United Nations even though its
entire territory is contained in a few buildings in Rome. So dont be
discouraged. Starting your own country isnt impossible. Its just going
to require a lot of patience and the right friends.
Source: Foreign Policy
.jpg)
